Org. Synth. 2017, 94, 252-258
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.094.0252
Asymmetric Michael Reaction of Aldehydes and Nitroalkenes
Submitted by Yujiro Hayashi*
1 and Shin Ogasawara
Checked by Yasuyuki Ueda and Keisuke Suzuki
1. Procedure (Note 1)
A.
(2R,3S)-2-Methyl-4-nitro-3-phenylbutanol (2). A 500-mL three-necked round-bottomed flask is equipped with an egg-shaped, Teflon-coated, magnetic stir bar (8 x 32 mm), an internal thermometer, a two-way stopcock with a hose (central neck), and a three-way stopcock connected to a nitrogen inlet hose (Figure 1). The flask is charged with a solution of
trans-β-nitrostyrene (10.00 g, 67.0 mmol, 1.0 equiv) (
Note 2) in
toluene (60 mL) (
Note 3). The stirred solution is immersed in a water bath in order to cool the internal temperature to 16 °C (
Note 4), followed by addition of
propanal (5.8 g, 7.2 mL, 100 mmol, 1.5 equiv) (
Note 5) and
4-nitrophenol (466 mg, 3.4 mmol, 0.05 equiv) (
Note 6).
(S)-1,1-Diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether (1.09 g, 3.4 mmol, 0.05 equiv) (
Note 7) in
toluene (7 mL) (
Note 3) is added over 0.5 min. After the reaction mixture is stirred at 16 ~ 20 °C (Notes
4 and
8) for 30 min, the internal temperature is cooled down to 0 ~ 3 °C with an ice bath.
Methanol (134 mL) (
Note 9) is added to the reaction mixture and then
NaBH4 (3.80 g, 100.5 mmol) (
Note 10) is slowly added (
Note 11) over 30 min, while maintaining the internal temperature at 0 ~ 15 °C. After addition, the reaction mixture is stirred at 0 °C for 1 h, then quenched with 1M aqueous
HCl (50 mL) over 1 min. The solution is partially concentrated by the removal of
MeOH (115-130 mL) under reduced pressure (30 °C, 120-50 mmHg). The resulting yellow solution is diluted with
CH2Cl2 (150 mL) and washed with
H2O (100 mL). The aqueous layer is extracted with
CH2Cl2 (2 x 150 mL). The organic layers are combined, dried over
Na2SO4 (20 g) and gravity filtered through a filter paper.
Dichloromethane (70 mL) is used to wash the
Na2SO4. The combined filtrate is transferred to a round-bottomed flask and concentrated by rotary evaporation (30 °C, 200-15 mmHg) to afford the crude product. Purification by flash column chromatography with elution by 33%
ethyl acetate / hexanes (
Note 12) provides alcohol
2 (12.76-12.97 g, 91-93% yield, > 20:1 dr, 98% ee) as a yellow oil (Notes
13,
14, and
15).
Figure 1. Glassware assembly for reaction
2. Notes
1. Prior to performing each reaction, a thorough hazard analysis and risk assessment should be carried out with regard to each chemical substance and experimental operation on the scale planned and in the context of the laboratory where the procedures will be carried out. Guidelines for carrying out risk assessments and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in references such as Chapter 4 of "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at
https://www.nap.edu/catalog/12654/prudent-practices-in-the-laboratory-handling-and-management-of-chemical). See also "Identifying and Evaluating Hazards in Research Laboratories" (American Chemical Society, 2015) which is available via the associated website "Hazard Assessment in Research Laboratories" at
https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/about/governance/committees/chemicalsafety/hazard-assessment.html. In the case of this procedure, the risk assessment should include (but not necessarily be limited to) an evaluation of the potential hazards associated with
β-nitrostyrene,
toluene,
propanal,
(S)-1,1-diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether,
4-nitrophenol,
sodium borohydride,
methanol,
dichloromethane,
sodium sulfate, hexanes,
ethyl acetate, silica gel, and aqueous
hydrochloric acid.
2.
trans-β-Nitrostyrene (98.0%) was obtained from TCI and used as received.
3.
Toluene (99.5%, dehydrated) was obtained from Wako and used as received.
4. The internal temperature was carefully maintained. When the reaction temperature exceeded 25 °C, the diastereoselectivity decreased.
5.
Propanal (>95%) was obtained from TCI and was distilled before use.
6.
4-Nitrophenol (>99.0%) was obtained from TCI and used as received.
7. The checkers used commercial
(S)-1,1-diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether (95.0%, Sigma-Aldrich). The submitters used
(S)-1,1-diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether that was prepared by the method reported in a previous
Org. Synth. article.
28. TLC analysis was performed on silica gel with 33%
ethyl acetate/hexanes (visualized by UV, KMnO
4). The spot of
trans-β -nitrostyrene (
Rf = 0.67) completely disappeared and the Michael adduct
1 was formed (
Rf = 0.43). The submitters report that the Michael adduct
1 can be purified by column chromatography; however, column purification on a large scale can be slow resulting in a decrease in diastereoselectivity being observed. Physical properties of Michael adduct
1 as reported by Submitters are:
1H NMR
pdf(300 MHz, CDCl
3) δ: 1.01 (d,
J = 7.2 Hz, 3H), 2.72-2.83 (m, 1H), 3.77-3.85 (ddd,
J = 5.6, 9.4, 9.4 Hz, 1H), 4.64-4.71 (dd,
J = 9.2, 12.8 Hz, 1H), 4.77-4.83 (dd,
J = 5.7, 12.6 Hz, 1H), 7.15-7.36 (m, 5H), 9.72 (d,
J = 1.8 Hz, 1H);
13C NMR
pdf(75 MHz, CDCl
3) δ: 12.2, 44.1, 48.5, 78.2, 128.1, 129.1, 136.7, 202.5.
9.
MeOH (99.8%, dehydrated) was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. and used as received.
10.
Sodium borohydride (
NaBH4) was obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd. and used as received.
11. The internal temperature rapidly increased to 15 °C even though the flask was in a cold bath (0 °C). Hydrogen gas was evolved and constantly removed from the system.
12. Alcohol
2 is purified on a column (7 x 30 cm) packed with 190 g of silica gel 60 N (obtained from Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Ltd., 100-210 µm) with 33%
ethyl acetate / hexanes. Fraction collection (100 mL fractions) begins immediately and fractions 15-41 were pooled, which contain the desired product. The product (
2) has a
Rf of 0.17 in 33%
ethyl acetate / hexanes (visualized by UV, KMnO
4).
13. Physical properties of alcohol
2 are:
1H NMR
pdf(600 MHz, CDCl
3) δ: 0.82 (d,
J = 6.9 Hz, 1H), 1.50 (s, 1H), 2.04-1.99 (m, 1H), 3.49 (dd,
J = 6.9, 10.8 Hz, 1H), 3.60 (dd,
J = 10.8, 4.6), 3.66 (dt,
J = 9.5, 6.6 Hz, 1H), 4.76 (dd,
J = 9.6, 12.6 Hz, 1H), 4.90 (dd,
J = 6.2, 12.6 Hz, 1H), 7.18-7.32 (m, 5H);
13C NMR
pdf(150 MHz, CDCl
3) δ: 14.1, 38.4, 46.2, 65.7, 78.8, 127.6, 128.3, 128.7, 137.7; IR (neat): 3395, 3031, 2967, 2924, 2882, 1603, 1552, 1495, 1455, 1434, 1381, 1204, 1140, 1031, 983, 911, 846, 756, 703, 626, 553 cm
-1. HRMS (ESI-TOF) calcd for C
11H
16NO
3 [M+H
+]
m/z 210.1051; found
m/z 210.1054. [α]D
20= −16.4 (
c = 1.03, acetone).
14. Diastereomeric ratio was determined by
1H NMR analysis of the purified product. The methyl resonance of the minor diastereomer is δ = 1.04, and the corresponding resonance of the major diastereomer is δ = 0.82.
15. Enantiomeric excess was determined to be 98% by HPLC using the following conditions: Chiralcel OD-H column (particle size: 5 µm; dimensions: φ4.6 mm x 250 mm), 90% hexanes/10% isopropanol, 1.0 mL/min. Retention times are: 12 min (minor), 14 min (major). Detection: 254 nm.
Working with Hazardous Chemicals
The procedures in
Organic Syntheses are intended for use only by persons with proper training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011; the full text can be accessed free of charge at
http://www.nap.edu/catalog.php?record_id=12654). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices.
In some articles in Organic Syntheses, chemical-specific hazards are highlighted in red "Caution Notes" within a procedure. It is important to recognize that the absence of a caution note does not imply that no significant hazards are associated with the chemicals involved in that procedure. Prior to performing a reaction, a thorough risk assessment should be carried out that includes a review of the potential hazards associated with each chemical and experimental operation on the scale that is planned for the procedure. Guidelines for carrying out a risk assessment and for analyzing the hazards associated with chemicals can be found in Chapter 4 of Prudent Practices.
The procedures described in Organic Syntheses are provided as published and are conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein.
3. Discussion
The asymmetric Michael reaction of aldehydes and nitroalkenes catalyzed by diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether affords the Michael adduct in a good yield with excellent diastereoselectivity and enantioselectivity.
3 The reaction was greatly accelerated in the presence of acid.
4 This Michael reaction is a powerful method, which has already been successfully employed in the synthesis of biologically active compounds.
5
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Registry Number)
trans-β -Nitrostyrene; (5153-67-3)
Propanal: propionaldehyde; (123-38-6)
4-Nitrophenol; (100-02-7)
(S)-1,1-Diphenylprolinol trimethylsilyl ether: (S )-(-)-α,α-Diphenyl-2-pyrrolidinemethanol trimethylsilyl ether; (848821-58-9)
Sodium borohydride: Borate(1-), tetrahydro-, sodium (1:1); (16940-66-2)
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Yujiro Hayashi received a Ph. D. from The University of Tokyo. He was appointed as an assistant professor at The University of Tokyo (1987). He moved to Tokyo University of Science as an associate professor (1998), was promoted to full professor (2006), and moved to Tohoku University (2012). He undertook postdoctoral study at Harvard University (Prof. E. J. Corey). He was awarded with an Incentive Award in Synthetic Organic Chemistry, Japan, SSOCJ Daiichi-Sankyo Award for Medicinal Organic Chemistry and the Chemical Society of Japan Award for Creative Work for 2010. He received a Novartis Chemistry Lectureship Award and Inoue Prize for Science. |
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Shin Ogasawara was born in Kyoto, Japan in 1983. He received his M.S. degree in 2009 from Osaka Prefecture University. Since 2009, he has been working as a process chemist at department of manufacturing process development in Otsuka Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. He completed his Ph.D. under the supervision of Prof. Yujiro Hayashi at Tohoku University in 2016. |
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Yasuyuki Ueda was born in 1992 in Nagano, Japan. He received his B.Sc. degree in 2015 at Tokai University under the supervision of Prof. Mikio Watanabe. In the same year, he joined the research group of Prof. Keisuke Suzuki at Tokyo Institute of Technology. In 2017, he received his M.Sc., and is currently pursuing his Ph.D. |
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