Org. Synth. 1929, 9, 70
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.009.0070
PENTAMETHYLENE BROMIDE
[Pentane, 1,5-dibromo-]
Submitted by J. von Braun
Checked by J. B. Conant and J. S. Andrews.
1. Procedure
In a
500-cc. Claisen distilling flask is placed
80 g. (0.42 mole) of benzoyl piperidine (p. 99). To this is added with cooling
115 g. (0.43 mole) of phosphorus tribromide; this results in the formation of a light-colored solution. With careful cooling, this solution is treated, with shaking, with
65 g. (20.8 cc., 0.405 mole) of bromine. The flask is now connected for distillation under reduced pressure, and the solution is heated gradually for a few minutes until the rapid evolution of gas ceases. The product is then distilled under reduced pressure. At about 70°/20 mm. a mixture of
pentamethylene bromide,
phosphorus oxybromide, and
benzonitrile begins to distil over into the
receiver; a yellow solid collects in the
condenser. This is then followed by a black decomposition product, at which point the distillation is stopped. The distillate is poured upon ice and allowed to stand in order to decompose the
phosphorus oxybromide, a process which requires about one hour if carried out in a flask fitted with a
reflux condenser and
mechanical stirrer.
The heavy oil is removed from the water; it consists of pentamethylene bromide and benzonitrile. This oily layer is treated with 125 cc. of 40 per cent hydrobromic acid solution and boiled under a reflux condenser with vigorous stirring for about three hours in order to hydrolyze completely the benzonitrile to benzoic acid (Note 1). The mixture is then distilled with steam, an air condenser being placed between the distillation flask and the receiving flask to which is fitted a reflux condenser cooled with water. This apparatus is necessary to avoid clogging of the condenser tubes with the benzoic acid. The pentamethylene bromide is separated from the water layer, washed with sodium carbonate, dried over calcium chloride, and distilled under reduced pressure. The product boils at 108–110°/20 mm. and amounts to 63–70 g. (65–72 per cent of the theoretical amount).
2. Notes
1.
It has been reported that
pentamethylene bromide prepared by the procedure described contains a considerable amount of
benzonitrile, and the following procedure is given for removing the nitrile. The crude product, after removal of the
phosphorus oxybromide, is washed with water and distilled, the portion boiling up to
105°/10 mm. being collected. The distillate is dissolved in
two volumes of ligroin (b.p.
40°) and extracted seven times with concentrated
sulfuric acid — 3 cc. for each 10 cc. of distillate. The
ligroin solution is then washed with dilute
sodium hydroxide solution, any emulsions being broken by filtration, dried over
calcium chloride, and distilled.
1 Alternatively, it is reported
2 that the procedure of v. Braun and Steindorff
3 removes
benzonitrile satisfactorily. In this procedure the distillate containing the
pentamethylene bromide,
benzonitrile and
phosphorus oxybromide is poured carefully into 85–95 cc. of water, while cooling and stirring. The resulting mixture is refluxed for eight to ten hours with occasional additions of
3–4 cc. of alcohol to decrease resinification. The product is then extracted with
ether, washed with
sodium carbonate solution, steam-distilled, dried, and, finally, distilled
in vacuo.
In the laboratory it has been found that shaking pentamethylene bromide with concentrated sulfuric acid results in the formation of emulsions. The use of a solvent such as petroleum ether usually prevents the emulsification but lowers the yield of the final product.
3. Discussion
Pentamethylene bromide can be prepared by the action of fuming
hydrobromic acid on
pentamethylene glycol,
4 or
1, 5-diphenoxypentane;
5 by the action of
hydrobromic acid on an
acetic acid solution of 1,5-diisoamyloxypentane;
6 and by the action of
phosphorus pentabromide on
benzoyl piperidine.
7 Pentamethylene bromide can also be prepared from
tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol by conversion to
1,2-dihydropyran, reduction to
1,5-epoxypentane, and treatment of this last product with
hydrogen bromide in glacial
acetic acid.
8
This preparation is referenced from:
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
ligroin
alcohol (64-17-5)
calcium chloride (10043-52-4)
sulfuric acid (7664-93-9)
acetic acid (64-19-7)
ether (60-29-7)
benzonitrile (100-47-0)
sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
HYDROBROMIC ACID,
hydrogen bromide (10035-10-6)
sodium carbonate (497-19-8)
bromine (7726-95-6)
phosphorus tribromide (7789-60-8)
Benzoic acid (65-85-0)
BENZOYL PIPERIDINE (776-75-0)
pentamethylene bromide,
Pentane, 1,5-dibromo- (111-24-0)
pentamethylene glycol (111-29-5)
1,5-epoxypentane (142-68-7)
phosphorus oxybromide
1, 5-diphenoxypentane (40339-96-6)
1,5-diisoamyloxypentane
phosphorus pentabromide (7789-69-7)
tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol (97-99-4)
1,2-dihydropyran
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