Org. Synth. 1950, 30, 53
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.030.0053
2-IODOTHIOPHENE
[Thiophene, 2-iodo-]
Submitted by Henry Y. Lew and C. R. Noller
1.
Checked by Cliff S. Hamilton and Frank A. Bower.
1. Procedure
In a 200-ml. three-necked flask fitted with a mechanical stirrer (Note 1), a reflux condenser, and a separatory funnel, and set up in a hood, are placed 38 g. (0.15 mole) of iodine and 42 g. (39 ml., 0.50 mole) of thiophene (Note 2). A solution of 28 ml. (0.44 mole) of nitric acid (sp. gr. 1.42) diluted with an equal volume of water is placed in the separatory funnel, from which approximately one-fourth of the nitric acid is added slowly and with vigorous stirring. Slight heating may be necessary to start the reaction, but once initiated it proceeds vigorously with the evolution of brown oxides of nitrogen. Cooling with an ice bath may be necessary to control the reaction. After the evolution of gases has subsided, the remaining nitric acid is added dropwise, and the reaction proceeds smoothly at room temperature with continual evolution of oxides of nitrogen. After all the nitric acid has been added, the solution is heated under reflux on a water bath for 30 minutes.
The reaction mixture is allowed to stand, and the red organic layer is separated, mixed with 40 ml. of 10% sodium hydroxide solution, and steam-distilled (Note 3). The yellow oil is separated, dried over anhydrous calcium chloride, and distilled at reduced pressure from a modified Claisen flask. The yield is 43–45 g. (68–72%); b.p. 89–93°/36 mm.; nD25 1.6465.
2. Notes
1.
The seal for the mechanical stirrer used (
Fig. 10) is made from two one-hole
rubber stoppers and a piece of glass tubing with
glycerin as a seal and lubricant. According to the submitters, it is better than a
mercury seal, not only for reactions where halogens, halogen acids, or compounds that react with
mercury are present, but also for practically any other reaction since the handling of
mercury always requires a considerable amount of care.
The glass tubing D, about 10 cm. in length, is just large enough in diameter to permit the stirrer E to rotate freely. The smaller of the two one-hole rubber stoppers, A, is bored to a depth of about 7 mm. with a cork-borer whose diameter is approximately 3 mm. larger than that of tubing D, and then this section is cut out with a pair of scissors. Rubber stopper B is 10–15 mm. larger in diameter than A. When assembled, tubing D fits tightly in rubber stopper B, and protrudes out at the top about 4 mm., and rubber stopper A fits tightly about stirrer E and rests on top of rubber stopper B. Glycerol is used as a seal and as a lubricant between the contact surfaces of rubber stoppers A and B, and the portion of tubing D protruding out of rubber stopper B acts as a wall in preventing glycerol from flowing down inside the tubing. When the stirrer motor is on, rubber stopper A rotates with stirrer E. Rubber stopper C fits tightly over tubing D and in the mouth of the reaction flask.
Fig. 10. Seal for a mechanical stirrer made from rubber stoppers and glass tubing using glycerol as a seal and lubricant.
2.
When the preparation is carried out in larger quantities, evolution of heat accompanies the mixing of
iodine and
thiophene, and unless the mixture is stirred well, it will solidify into a hard mass. By keeping the quantities reasonably small, this tendency to solidify is reduced to a minimum.
3.
Toward the end of the distillation a small amount (
0.5–2.0 g.) of
2-iodo-5-nitrothiophene is collected in the condenser and the receiver. The amount formed increases with increase in the temperature of the reaction mixture.
3. Discussion
2-Iodothiophene has been prepared by the action of
iodine and
mercuric oxide on
thiophene.
2 The present method has been published.
3
This preparation is referenced from:
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
calcium chloride (10043-52-4)
sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
glycerol,
glycerin (56-81-5)
nitric acid (7697-37-2)
nitrogen (7727-37-9)
mercury (7439-97-6)
mercuric oxide (21908-53-2)
iodine (7553-56-2)
Thiophene (110-02-1)
2-IODOTHIOPHENE,
Thiophene, 2-iodo- (3437-95-4)
2-iodo-5-nitrothiophene
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