Org. Synth. 1971, 51, 66
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.051.0066
2-BORNENE
[1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene]
Submitted by Robert H. Shapiro
1 and J. H. Duncan.
Checked by Robert Czarny and Robert E. Ireland.
1. Procedure
A
dry, 1-l., three-necked flask equipped with a
reflux condenser protected with a
calcium sulfate drying tube, a
250-ml., pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, and a
magnetic stirring bar is charged with
32 g. (0.10 mole) of camphor tosylhydrazone (Note 1) and
400 ml. of dry diethyl ether (Note 2). The flask is immersed in a
cold-water bath (20–25°), and the contents are stirred magnetically. About
50 ml. of dry ether is placed in the dropping funnel, and the addition rate is set at 2–3 ml./minute
(Note 3). After this addition
150 ml. of 1.6 N (0.24 mole) methyllithium (Note 4) in
ether is added to the dropping funnel and dropped into the reaction flask over 1 hour
(Note 5), while the cooling bath temperature is maintained at 20–25°. The yellow-orange solution is stirred for 8–9 hours, during which time
lithium p-toluenesulfinate precipitates and the solution develops a deep red-orange color. A small amount of water is carefully added to destroy excess
methyllithium before an additional 200 ml. is added. The layers are separated, the organic phase is washed with four 250-ml. portions of water, and the combined aqueous phases are shaken twice with
100-ml. portions of ether. After drying the combined ethereal extracts over anhydrous
sodium sulfate, the volume of the solution is reduced to 50–60 ml. by distillation of the
ether through a
25-cm. Vigreux column with gentle boiling on a
steam bath. After
100 ml. of distilled pentane (Note 6) is added to the orange solution, the solvent is again gently boiled away, reducing the volume to 30–50 ml. The addition and removal of
pentane is repeated two additional times to assure the complete removal of
ether, and the final volume of the solution of
2-bornene is reduced to 30–40 ml. The solution is added to an
80 × 5 cm. chromatography column packed with
500 g. of alumina (Note 7), and the product is eluted with
750 ml. of pentane. After concentration of the eluate by distillation of the solvent through a Vigreux column, the residue is transferred to a
50-ml. flask and distilled through a U-tube with the aid of an
oil bath and a heating lamp
(Note 8). After collecting a forerun (
pentane and
2-bornene),
8.5–8.8 g. (
63–65%) of
2-bornene, m.p.
110–111° (lit.
2,3,4, 109–110°), is collected as colorless crystals in a cooled flask
(Note 9). GC analysis
5 shows this product to be 98–99% pure, containing no
camphene or
tricyclene (Note 10).
2. Notes
1.
Camphor tosylhydrazone6 is prepared in the following manner. To a
1-l., one-necked, round-bottomed flask are added
44 g. (0.24 mole) of p-toluenesulfonylhydrazide [
Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. 5, 1055 (1973)],
31.6 g. (0.208 mole) of camphor, and
300 ml. of 95% ethanol.
One milliliter of concentrated hydrochloric acid is added, the flask is fitted with a reflux condenser, and the solution is heated under reflux for 2 hours. The resulting solution is cooled in an
ice bath; colorless needles are collected by suction filtration and dried in air
(Note 11). Recrystallization from
ethanol yields
50 g. (
73%) of pure
camphor tosylhydrazone, m.p.
163–164°.
2.
Anhydrous ether available from Mallinckrodt Chemical Works can be used without further drying.
3.
This prevents clogging of the funnel during the subsequent addition of
methyllithium solution.
4.
Methyllithium available from either Foote Mineral Company or Alfa Inorganics, Inc., can be used without further purification. The checkers used 137 ml. of a 1.85
M solution.
5.
During the first half of the addition each drop of
methyllithium solution produces a yellow color that quickly disappears. The solution turns yellow during the second half of the addition and slowly becomes more intensely colored until it reaches red-orange near the end of the reaction period.
6.
Since the solvent is never completely removed at any time prior to final distillation of the product, the accumulation of higher boiling hydrocarbons results if petroleum ether is used. As a result the forerun of the final distillation will be larger, and the yield of
2-bornene will be reduced. The
pentane was distilled to assure the removal of any higher boiling impurities.
7.
Neutral,
reagent grade aluminum oxide available from Merck & Co., Inc., was used by the checkers.
8.
When the temperature of the bath reaches 140–143°, the heating lamp is turned directly on the U-tube, and the receiver is changed to collect the
2-bornene.
9.
The yield of the product is greatly reduced if the receiver is not cooled. A
2-propanol–dry ice bath was used.
10.
On a 180 cm. × 32 mm. GC column containing 10% Apiezon L on Chromosorb P at 60° a synthetic mixture of
2-bornene (10.3 minutes),
tricyclene (12.3 minutes), and
camphene (15.5 minutes) was readily resolvable.
11.
The product has m.p.
161–163° and can be used without further purification.
3. Discussion
2-Bornene has been prepared from the reaction of
2-bromobornane-3-carboxylic acid with aqueous
sodium hydrogen carbonate,
7 by pyrolysis of
isoborneol methyl xanthate,
8 and by the β-elimination of
hydrogen chloride from
bornyl chloride with sodium alkoxides in various solvents.
2,3,4
This procedure appears to be general for the preparation, without rearrangement, of lesser substituted olefins.
2-Methylcyclohexanone tosylhydrazone gives
3-methylcyclohexene (
98% yield by GC analysis).
9 Cholestan-6-one tosylhydrazone gives
cholest-6-ene (
95% isolated yield),
androstan-17-one tosylhydrazone gives
androst-16-ene (
91% isolated yield),
9 and
phenylacetone tosylhydrazone gives
allylbenzene (
70% yield by GC analysis, accompanied by the substitution product
isobutylbenzene in
30% yield). Advantages of this procedure include its simplicity and the availability of carbonyl compounds as precursors. The reaction proceeds smoothly but more slowly at −25° and can be employed with heat-sensitive or volatile compounds in ordinary laboratory equipment.
This preparation is referenced from:
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
alumina
isoborneol methyl xanthate
ethanol (64-17-5)
hydrogen chloride,
hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)
ether,
diethyl ether (60-29-7)
sodium hydrogen carbonate (144-55-8)
sodium sulfate (7757-82-6)
Pentane (109-66-0)
aluminum oxide (1344-28-1)
camphor (21368-68-3)
Methyllithium (917-54-4)
allylbenzene (300-57-2)
2-Bornene,
1,7,7-Trimethylbicyclo[2.2.1]hept-2-ene (464-17-5)
camphor tosylhydrazone (10224-32-5)
camphene (565-00-4)
tricyclene (508-32-7)
2-bromobornane-3-carboxylic acid
bornyl chloride (464-41-5)
2-Methylcyclohexanone tosylhydrazone
3-Methylcyclohexene (591-48-0)
Cholestan-6-one tosylhydrazone
cholest-6-ene
androstan-17-one tosylhydrazone
androst-16-ene
phenylacetone tosylhydrazone
isobutylbenzene (538-93-2)
p-Toluenesulfonylhydrazide (1576-35-8)
lithium p-toluenesulfinate
Copyright © 1921-, Organic Syntheses, Inc. All Rights Reserved