Org. Synth. 1935, 15, 67
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.015.0067
PHENYLGLYOXAL
[Glyoxal, phenyl-]
Submitted by H. A. Riley and A. R. Gray.
Checked by Louis F. Fieser and C. H. Fisher.
1. Procedure
In a 1-l. three-necked, round-bottomed flask, fitted with a liquid-sealed stirrer and a reflux condenser, are placed 600 cc. of dioxane(Note 1), 111 g. (1 mole) of selenium dioxide (Note 2), and 20 cc. of water (Note 3). The mixture is heated to 50–55° and stirred until the solid has gone into solution, 120 g. (1 mole) of acetophenone is added in one lot, and the resulting mixture is refluxed with continued stirring for four hours (Note 4). The hot solution is decanted from the precipitated selenium, and the dioxane and water are removed by distillation through a short column. The phenylglyoxal is distilled at diminished pressure from a 250-cc. Claisen flask (Note 5), and the fraction boiling at 95–97°/25 mm. collected (Note 6). The yield is 93–96 g. (69–72 per cent of the theoretical amount) (Note 7).
The aldehyde sets to a stiff gel on standing, probably as the result of polymerization. It may be recovered without appreciable loss by distillation. Phenylglyoxal may be preserved also in the form of the hydrate, which is conveniently prepared by dissolving the yellow liquid in 3.5–4 volumes of hot water and allowing crystallization to take place (Note 8).
2. Notes
1.
Ethyl alcohol (95 per cent) can also be used as solvent. The reaction can be carried out with an excess of
acetophenone (2 moles) as solvent, but the results are less satisfactory. The
dioxane can be recovered and used in later runs.
2.
For the preparation of
selenium dioxide,
200 g. (141 cc.) of concentrated nitric acid is heated in a
3-l. beaker on a hot plate under a good
hood and
100 g. of selenium is added in portions of 5–10 g. A
glass mechanical stirrer to break the foam hastens the process of oxidation. The resulting solution is transferred under the hood to a
large evaporating dish and heated on a hot plate at a temperature not exceeding 200° until the
selenious acid is completely dehydrated. The crude product is purified by sublimation. A
50-g. portion of the oxide is transferred to a
7-cm. porcelain crucible upon which is placed a
250-cc. filter flask through which a stream of cold water is run from the tap. The crucible is protected with asbestos and heated with a low flame until sublimation is complete (20–30 minutes). When the crucible has cooled, the sublimed
selenium dioxide will be found wedged against the condenser. Extreme care should be used when working with
selenium dioxide because of its poisonous properties.
An alternative procedure for the oxidation of
selenium to the dioxide has been described by Hahn and Schales.
13.
Commercial
selenious acid (129 g., 1 mole) may be used in place of the mixture of
selenium dioxide and water.
4.
After about two hours the solution becomes clear and little further precipitation of
selenium is observable.
5.
Several grams of the hydrate may be obtained by adding the fore-run to an equal volume of warm water and allowing the product to crystallize.
6.
Boiling points reported in the literature are
120°/50 mm. and
142°/125 mm.7.
Phenylacetaldehyde may be used in place of
acetophenone.
Phenylmethylgloxal is obtained in a similar manner from
propiophenone, and many other compounds containing a methylene group adjacent to a carbonyl group may be oxidized by means of
selenium dioxide to the corresponding α-ketoaldehyde or α-diketone.
2For the oxidation of
lepidine and
quinaldine to the corresponding quinoline aldehydes, the
selenium dioxide should be freshly prepared.
38.
The solubility of the hydrate at 20° is given in the literature as one part in about thirty-five parts of water. The melting points recorded range from
73° to 91°; the difference is said to be due to varying degrees of dryness of the samples.
4 The hydrate crystallizes well from water;
chloroform,
carbon disulfide, alcohol, or
ether-ligroin also may be used for the purpose.
Phenylglyoxal can be recovered from the hydrate by distillation in vacuum.
3. Discussion
Phenylglyoxal has been prepared from
isonitrosoacetophenone through the bisulfite compound
4,
5 or by treatment with
nitrosylsulfuric acid6 or with
nitrous acid.
7 It also has been prepared by the oxidation of
benzoylcarbinol with
copper acetate,
8 by heating
bromophenacyl acetate,
9 and by the oxidation of
acetophenone with
selenium dioxide.
2
This preparation is referenced from:
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
ligroin
ethyl alcohol (64-17-5)
ether (60-29-7)
chloroform (67-66-3)
nitric acid (7697-37-2)
nitrous acid (7782-77-6)
Acetophenone (98-86-2)
selenium dioxide (7446-08-4)
Phenylglyoxal,
Glyoxal, phenyl- (1074-12-0)
carbon disulfide (75-15-0)
copper acetate (142-71-2)
Propiophenone (93-55-0)
nitrosylsulfuric acid (7782-78-7)
dioxane (5703-46-8)
selenium
phenylacetaldehyde (122-78-1)
selenious acid (7783-00-8)
Lepidine (491-35-0)
quinaldine (91-63-4)
isonitrosoacetophenone
benzoylcarbinol (582-24-1)
bromophenacyl acetate
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