Org. Synth. 1956, 36, 19
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.036.0019
1,1-DICHLORO-2,2-DIFLUOROETHYLENE
[Ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoro-]
Submitted by J. C. Sauer
1
Checked by Charles C. Price and Maseh Osgan.
1. Procedure
In a 500-ml. three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a 100-ml. separatory funnel, a thermometer, and a short fractionating column (Note 1) leading through a condenser to a 100-ml. tared receiver are charged 150 ml. of methanol, 42.2 g. (0.65 g. atom) of powdered zinc, and 0.2 g. of zinc chloride. Acetone cooled in a Dry Ice-acetone bath is circulated through the condenser, and the distillation receiver is immersed in ice water (Note 2). The mixture in the flask is heated to 60–63°, and a 10–15-ml. portion of a solution consisting of 122.4 g. (0.6 mole) of 1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane (Note 3) in 50 ml. of methanol is added dropwise over a period of a few minutes. The reaction generally becomes moderately vigorous at this point, and refluxing of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene part-way up the column is observed. The heating bath is removed at this time. Addition of the ethane derivative is continued at such a rate that the temperature of the refluxing liquid at the head of the column is maintained at 18–22°. The flask may require occasional shaking to prevent the zinc dust from agglomerating. The take-off rate of the ethylene derivative is adjusted to about one-half the rate of input of the ethane derivative. During this addition, the temperature in the distillation flask drops to 45–50°. The addition of the ethane derivative requires 45 minutes to 1 hour. The heating bath is replaced, and another hour is required to complete the dehalogenation and to distil the last of the product. The temperature in the distillation flask during this period gradually rises to 69–70°. There is collected in the receiver 71–76 g. (89–95% yield) (Note 4) of 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene, distilling at 18–21° (Note 5), nD0, 1.3730–1.3746.
2. Notes
1.
A
16-in. column packed with platinum gauze and fitted with a variable take-off was used by the submitter. The checkers used a
20 × ¾-in jacketed column packed with 1/16-in. glass helices.
2.
The checkers used a
Dry Ice-acetone-cooled cold-finger condenser fitted with a partial take-off adapter.
3.
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (CCl3-CClF2) is sold under the trade name "Genetron-131" by the General Chemical Division, Allied Chemical and Dye Corporation, 40 Rector Street, New York 6, N. Y. The sample, as received, melted at
38–40°. According to infrared data, the compound was 95–99% pure. Distillation through a
high-precision, spinning band column showed about 10% distilling at
86–90° (mostly 90°), another 10% at
90–90.5°, and the remainder at
91°. All fractions were essentially the same by infrared analysis. The first fraction melted at about
35°, and the main fraction melted at
40.5°.2
4.
This product contains
1–1.7% methanol and a trace of the starting material.
5.
This figure is slightly above the true boiling point of
1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene. Upon redistillation in a low-temperature still fitted with a
thermocouple, about 95% of this material distilled at
17°,
3 nD3 1.3710.
3. Discussion
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene has been prepared by the
zinc dehalogenation method in
ethanol.
2,3 This compound also has been prepared by dehydrochlorination of
1,2,2-trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane by
sodium hydroxide,
4 by a solution of
potassium hydroxide in aqueous
methanol,
5 by passing it over active
carbon containing
barium chloride or
strontium chloride,
6 or by thermal cleavage at 590°.
7 In addition, it has been obtained by the thermal cleavage of
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutane at 650° over
aluminum fluoride.
8
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
ethanol (64-17-5)
methanol (67-56-1)
sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
barium chloride (10361-37-2)
acetone (67-64-1)
carbon (7782-42-5)
potassium hydroxide (1310-58-3)
zinc (7440-66-6)
zinc chloride (7646-85-7)
1,1-Dichloro-2,2-difluoroethylene,
Ethylene, 1,1-dichloro-2,2-difluoro- (79-35-6)
1,1,1,2-tetrachloro-2,2-difluoroethane,
Tetrachlorodifluoroethane (76-11-9)
1,2,2-trichloro-1,1-difluoroethane (354-21-2)
strontium chloride (10476-85-4)
1,1,2,2-tetrachloro-3,3,4,4-tetrafluorocyclobutane (336-50-5)
aluminum fluoride
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