Org. Synth. 1960, 40, 80
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.040.0080
m-NITROPHENYL DISULFIDE
[Disulfide, bis-(m-nitrophenyl)]
Submitted by W. A. Sheppard
1
Checked by John D. Roberts and W. H. Graham.
1. Procedure
A 5-l. three-necked round-bottomed flask equipped with a reflux condenser, a sealed mechanical stirrer, and a dropping funnel is set up in a hood and charged with 333 g. (1.50 moles) of m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (Note 1). The stirrer is started and 1033 ml. (7.5 moles) of 55–58% hydriodic acid (Note 2) is rapidly added dropwise over a period of 30–45 minutes (Note 3). After the addition is complete, the reaction mixture is stirred and refluxed on a steam bath for 3 hours. It is then cooled to room temperature, and the dropping funnel is replaced with an open powder funnel. Solid sodium bisulfite powder (Note 4) is added in portions until all the iodine has been reduced, and the reaction mixture is a suspension of pale yellow m-nitrophenyl disulfide in an almost colorless solution. The reaction mixture is filtered through a coarse-grade sintered-glass funnel to separate the disulfide, which is washed thoroughly with warm water to remove all inorganic salts. There is obtained 210–221 g. (91–96%) of crude m-nitrophenyl disulfide, m.p. 81–83°. This material is purified by dissolving it in approximately 800 ml. of boiling acetone, which is filtered hot and cooled to give 170–183 g. (74–79%) of the disulfide in the form of pale yellow prisms, m.p. 82–83°. By concentration of the mother liquor an additional 30–40 g. (13–17%) of disulfide, m.p. 82–83°, is obtained, so that the total yield of satisfactory product is 200–210 g. (86–91%).
2. Notes
1.
Eastman Kodak white label m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride was used.
2.
Reagent grade hydriodic acid was generally employed, but material of lower purity may be used without decreasing the yield. The calculated amount of
45–47% hydriodic acid may also be employed
2 with only a slight diminution in yield.
3.
The reaction of the
hydriodic acid with
m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride is mildly exothermic, and
iodine crystals precipitate as the reaction proceeds.
4.
Approximately 3 lb. of
sodium bisulfite is required to reduce the
iodine.
Technical grade bisulfite may be used satisfactorily. Caution should be observed in adding the bisulfite, since evolution of
sulfur dioxide can cause excessive foaming. This foaming occurs a short time after each addition and is most noticeable when the
iodine is almost neutralized.
Iodine and product clinging to the upper walls of the flask and in the condenser may be conveniently rinsed into the reaction mixture with a stream of water from a
wash bottle.
3. Discussion
The described method of preparation of
m-nitrophenyl disulfide is essentially that of Foss and co-workers
2 and is a modification of that reported by Ekbom.
3 The disulfide has been prepared by reaction of
potassium ethyl xanthate with
m-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride solution, followed by hydrolysis to yield the mercaptan, which is subsequently oxidized with
potassium ferrocyanide or dilute
nitric acid to the disulfide.
4
The usual method of preparing aromatic disulfides is to treat an aryl halide with Na
2S
2.
5 However, this method is limited to compounds where the halogen is strongly activated by electronegative groups (for example,
o- or p-nitrochlorobenzene). The reaction of diazonium salts with
xanthate is unsatisfactory for large-scale preparations because dilute solutions must be employed to reduce the hazard of explosion. Aromatic sulfonyl chlorides (not containing nitro groups) are also reduced with
zinc and mineral acid to mercaptans,
6 which must be subsequently oxidized to the disulfide. The present method has been used to prepare nitronaphthalene disulfides,
7,8 naphthalene disulfide, and
phenyl disulfide8 and should be applicable to the preparation of any symmetrical aromatic disulfides containing substituents stable to
hydriodic acid.
4. Use of m-Nitrophenyl Disulfide
The disulfides are useful intermediates in the preparation of sulfenyl chlorides.
2,9
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
o- or p-nitrochlorobenzene
nitric acid (7697-37-2)
sulfur dioxide (7446-09-5)
sodium bisulfite,
sodium bisulfite powder (7631-90-5)
iodine (7553-56-2)
acetone (67-64-1)
zinc (7440-66-6)
hydriodic acid (10034-85-2)
potassium ferrocyanide
potassium ethyl xanthate (140-89-6)
xanthate
phenyl disulfide (882-33-7)
naphthalene disulfide
m-nitrobenzenediazonium chloride
m-Nitrophenyl disulfide,
Disulfide, bis-(m-nitrophenyl) (537-91-7)
m-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride (121-51-7)
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