Org. Synth. 1964, 44, 91
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.044.0091
2a-THIOHOMOPHTHALIMIDE
[3(2H)-Isoquinolone, 1,4-dihydro-1-thioxo-]
Submitted by P. A. S. Smith and R. O. Kan
1.
Checked by Melvin S. Newman and R. L. Childers.
1. Procedure
A. Phenylacetyl isothiocyanate. Twenty-five grams (0.16 mole) of phenylacetyl chloride (Note 1), 100 ml. of benzene, and 53 g. (0.16 mole) of lead thiocyanate (Note 2) are placed in a 1-l., three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer and a reflux condenser. The stirrer is started and the mixture is refluxed for 5 hours. A small amount of activated charcoal is added, and refluxing is continued for 5 minutes. The warm mixture is filtered through a Büchner funnel under suction (Note 3), and the solid on the filter is washed with two 50-ml. portions of benzene. The solvent is removed from the filtrate under reduced pressure, and the residue is distilled at once to yield 17.5–22.7 g. (61–79%) of phenylacetyl isothiocyanate, b.p. 83–91° at about 0.3 mm. It is a colorless liquid that rapidly darkens on standing (Note 4) and (Note 5).
B. 2a-Thiohomophthalimide. In a 500-ml., three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a reflux condenser, and a dropping funnel are placed 150 ml. of carbon disulfide (Note 6) and 29.3 g. (0.22 mole) of anhydrous powdered aluminum chloride. The stirrer is started, and 17.7 g. (0.10 mole) of phenylacetyl isothiocyanate is added dropwise at such a rate that the solvent refluxes gently. The total addition time is about 5 minutes. The mixture is refluxed gently for 2 hours (Note 7) and is cooled in an ice bath and treated with a solution of 10 ml. of 12N hydrochloric acid in 90 ml. of water; the addition is dropwise at first, more rapid later. Stirring is continued at room temperature for another hour. Crude 2a-thiohomophthalimide is collected by filtration on a 10-cm. Büchner funnel and is pressed dry and subsequently dried thoroughly, either in a vacuum desiccator or in an oven at 40–45° (Caution! (Note 8)). A solution of the imide in 300 ml. of boiling glacial acetic acid is boiled a few minutes with a small amount of activated charcoal, and the hot solution is filtered through a large fluted filter as rapidly as possible to prevent premature crystallization on the filter. Orange-yellow crystals of 2a-homophthalimide precipitate when the filtrate is cooled. They are separated by filtration and dried in an oven or a vacuum desiccator; weight 9.2–13.3 g. (52–75%); m.p. 221–222°.
2. Notes
1.
Eastman Kodak Company white label grade of phenylacetyl chloride was used, but equally good results are obtained with the crude acid chloride obtained by treating
phenylacetic acid with an excess of
thionyl chloride and removing the latter under reduced pressure.
2.
Lead thiocyanate was made by stirring together a solution of
45 g. (1.37 moles) of lead nitrate in 360 ml. of boiling water with a solution of
266 g. (2.74 moles) of potassium thiocyanate in 140 ml. of boiling water. The mixture was cooled to room temperature, and
437 g. (
99%) of
lead thiocyanate was separated by filtration and air-dried.
3.
If the filtrate is not clear, filtration should be repeated through the same filter.
4.
When large quantities are used, the distillation should be performed in parts, for on prolonged heating
phenylacetyl isothiocyanate decomposes with a heavy loss in yield.
5.
The distillation should be carried out just before commencing Part B.
6.
sym-Tetrachloroethane may be substituted for
carbon disulfide. In this case 5 minutes of heating on a
steam bath, or even no heating at all, gives satisfactory results, although the product is of slightly lower purity. The solvent may be removed quickly by steam distillation of the reaction mixture after addition of dilute acid, and the product is isolated by filtration of the slurry remaining in the flask.
7.
The best heating device has been found to be an infrared lamp placed about 20 cm. from the vessel.
8.
Drying at higher temperatures can be dangerous because of the low flash-point of
carbon disulfide.
3. Discussion
The only reported method of preparation of
2a-thiohomophthalimide is by the reaction described here.
24. Merits of the Preparation
This is a general method of converting arylcarbonyl and arylacetyl isothiocyanates to the corresponding thioimides as the following examples show (percent yield and duration of the reaction follow each example):
6-methyl-1a-thiophthalimide2 (
45%, 4 days);
4,6-dimethyl-1a-thiophthalimide2 (
64%, 24 hours);
5-methyl-2a-thiohomophthalimide (
42%, 4 hours);
4-methyl-2a-thiohomophthalimide (
48%, 4 hours);
5-methoxy-2a-thiohomophthalimide (
41%, 4 hours);
4-chloro-2-thiohomophthalimide (
40%, 4 hours);
1a-phenyl-2a-thiohomophthalimide (
40%, 30 minutes);
1a-thio-1,2-naphthalimide2 (
25%, 4 days);
2a-thio-1-homo-1,2-naphthalimide2 (
41%, 16 hours);
thiophene-2a-thio-2,3-dicarboximide (
12%, 24 hours).
The thioimides can be hydrolyzed to the corresponding dicarboxylic acids.
3 The thioimides can be converted to the corresponding imides, and thiohomophthalimides can be converted to phthalimides; both conversions are one-step processes.
4 Thus a variety of substituted phthalic and homophthalic acids and their derivatives are available from these thioimides.
Thiohomophthalimides can be reduced to tetrahydroisoquinolines.
2This preparation is referenced from:
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
sym-Tetrachloroethane
4-chloro-2-thiohomophthalimide
2a-thio-1-homo-1,2-naphthalimide
thiophene-2a-thio-2,3-dicarboximide
hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)
acetic acid (64-19-7)
Benzene (71-43-2)
thionyl chloride (7719-09-7)
aluminum chloride (3495-54-3)
lead nitrate (10099-74-8)
Phenylacetic acid (103-82-2)
carbon disulfide (75-15-0)
potassium thiocyanate (333-20-0)
phenylacetyl chloride (103-80-0)
2a-homophthalimide
3(2H)-Isoquinolone, 1,4-dihydro-1-thioxo-,
2a-Thiohomophthalimide (938-38-5)
Phenylacetyl isothiocyanate (29313-32-4)
1a-thio-1,2-naphthalimide
lead thiocyanate
6-methyl-1a-thiophthalimide
4,6-dimethyl-1a-thiophthalimide
5-methyl-2a-thiohomophthalimide
4-methyl-2a-thiohomophthalimide
5-methoxy-2a-thiohomophthalimide
1a-phenyl-2a-thiohomophthalimide
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