Org. Synth. 1972, 52, 75
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.052.0075
METALATION OF 2-METHYLPYRIDINE DERIVATIVES: ETHYL 6-METHYLPYRIDINE-2-ACETATE
[Pyridineacetic acid, 6-methyl-, ethyl ester]
Submitted by William G. Kofron
1 and Leona M. Baclawski.
Checked by R. E. Ireland and R. A. Farr.
1. Procedure
Caution! This preparation should be carried out in a good hood to avoid exposure to ammonia.
A 1-l., three-necked flask is fitted with an acetone-dry ice condenser, a glass stirrer, and a glass stopper (Note 1). Potassium amide is prepared in 400 ml. of liquid ammonia with 8.0 g. (0.20 g.-atom) of potassium metal (Note 2). The glass stopper is replaced with an addition funnel containing 32.1 g. (0.300 mole) (Note 3) of 2,6-lutidine dissolved in ca. 20 ml. of anhydrous diethyl ether. The lutidine solution is added. to the amide solution, and the funnel is rinsed with a little ether, which is also added. The resulting orange potassiolutidine solution is stirred for 30 minutes, then cooled in an acetone–dry-ice bath (Note 3). As rapidly as possible, 11.8 g. (0.100 mole) of freshly distilled diethyl carbonate is added, the cooling bath is removed, and the solution changes to a green color. After 5 minutes the reaction mixture is neutralized by the addition of 10.7 g. (0.200 mole) of ammonium chloride. The green color is discharged; the final mixture is gray. The condenser is removed, and the ammonia is allowed to evaporate (Note 4). The residue is stirred with 500 ml. of ether, filtered, and extracted with an additional 100 ml. of ether. The combined ethereal extracts are concentrated with a rotary evaporator, and the residual oil is distilled using a modified Claisen flask. 2,6-Lutidine (22 g., 69%) is collected at 46–56° (10 mm.), and 10.7–13.4 g. (59–75%) of the ester is collected at 87° (0.7 mm.) as a bright yellow liquid, n25D 1.4995, d204 1.0608 (Note 5).
2. Notes
1.
A
Teflon stirrer should not be used since Teflon is attacked by alkali metals, metal amides, and carbanions.
2.
The preparation of
potassium amide is described in
Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. 5, 187 (1973).
Caution! Potassium may form an explosive red or orange peroxide coating. Potassium is a silver-gray metal with a blue-violet cast, and any potassium showing an orange or red color, or with an appreciable oxide coating, should be considered extremely hazardous.2
3.
The use of an extra mole of
2,6-lutidine and rapid addition of
diethyl carbonate both decrease formation of
urethane. The use of a dry-ice bath to cool the reaction mixture permits rapid addition of
diethyl carbonate without excessive foaming. If
urethane is formed from
diethyl carbonate and
ammonia, the yield of product is decreased and the distillation is difficult.
4.
A
steam bath or hot air gun may be used with care to speed up evaporation of the
ammonia.
5.
The ester has been reported
3 to boil at 132° (18 mm.). It was reported as a colorless oil, giving a hydrochloride melting at
112–115°.
Ethyl pyridine-2-acetate was reported in
Org. Synth., Coll. Vol. 3, 413 (1955) as a light-yellow liquid, b.p.
135–137° (28 mm.). The
1H NMR spectrum of the present product is in accord with the structure assigned, and the hydrochloride melts at
115°.
3. Discussion
Ethyl pyridine-2-acetate4 and
ethyl 6-methylpyridine-2-acetate have previously been prepared by carboxylation of the lithio derivatives of α-picoline and
2,6-lutidine, respectively. Use of
diethyl carbonate to acylate the organometallic derivative avoids the intermediacy of the (unstable) carboxylic acid, and the yield is better. In the present procedure
potassium amide is used as the metalating agent; the submitters report that the same esters may be formed by metalation with
sodium amide (
43% yield) or
n-butyllithium (
39% yield). The latter conditions also yield an appreciable amount of the acid (which decarboxylates).
5
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
ammonia (7664-41-7)
ether,
diethyl ether (60-29-7)
ammonium chloride (12125-02-9)
potassium (7440-09-7)
2,6-Lutidine (108-48-5)
lutidine (583-61-9)
urethane (51-79-6)
sodium amide (7782-92-5)
n-butyllithium (109-72-8)
diethyl carbonate (105-58-8)
potassium amide
Ethyl pyridine-2-acetate (2739-98-2)
Ethyl 6-methylpyridine-2-acetate,
Pyridineacetic acid, 6-methyl-, ethyl ester (5552-83-0)
potassiolutidine
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