Org. Synth. 1981, 60, 104
DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.060.0104
2-PHENYL-2-ADAMANTANAMINE HYDROCHLORIDE
[Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-2-amine, 2-phenyl, hydrochloride]
Submitted by Asher Kalir and David Balderman
1.
Checked by Carl R. Johnson and Debra L. Monticciolo.
1. Procedure
Caution! The reaction should be carried out in a good hood.
A. 2-Azido-2-phenyladamantane. A 500-mL, three-necked, round-bottomed flask equipped with a mechanical stirrer, a pressure-equalizing dropping funnel, and a thermometer is charged with 125 mL of chloroform and 13 g (0.2 mol) of sodium azide. The mixture is cooled with an ice–salt bath to −5°C to 0°C, and 37.5 mL (0.5 mol) of trifluoroacetic acid is added, followed after 5–10 min with 22.8 g (0.1 mol) of 2-phenyl-2-adamantanol (Note 1). The resulting slurry is stirred for 4 hr at 0°C and then allowed to reach room temperature overnight. The mixture is cautiously neutralized with a slight excess of 12–15% aqueous ammonia solution and transferred to a separatory funnel. The chloroform layer is separated, and the aqueous solution is extracted with 50 mL of chloroform. The combined organic extracts are washed with 50 mL of water, separated, and dried over magnesium sulfate. The solvent is removed in a rotary evaporator. The oily residue solidifies on cooling. The yield is 23.6–24.8 g (93–98%), mp 42–45°C. Recrystallization of a sample from 2-propanol raises the melting point to 47–48°C (Note 2).
B. 2-Phenyl-2-adamantanamine hydrochloride. A solution of 24 g (0.095 mol) of the crude 2-azido-2-phenyladamantane in 75 mL of 2-propanol is placed in a 1-L beaker fitted with a mechanical stirrer, and heated in a water bath that can be removed quickly. Wet, active Raney nickel (Note 3) and (Note 4) is added in portions at 60–70°C with stirring until the evolution of nitrogen ceases (Note 5). The mixture is heated for an additional 10 min, filtered through a Büchner funnel, and washed with 75 mL of 2-propanol in such a manner that the catalyst is always covered with liquid (Note 6). The filtrate is concentrated in a rotary evaporator under reduced pressure. The crude residue is dissolved in 75 mL of toluene and treated with 22 mL of concentrated hydrochloric acid while stirring. The 2-phenyl-2-adamantanamine hydrochloride is collected, triturated with 50 mL of warm acetone, filtered again, and air-dried. The yield is 22.5–24.0 g (90–96%), and the product melts at 293–296°C (closed capillary) (Note 7) and (Note 8).
2. Notes
1.
2-Phenyl-2-adamantanol2 is prepared by adding
25 g (0.167 mol) of 2-adamantanone (Note 3) in several portions to
phenylmagnesium bromide, obtained from
40 g of bromobenzene and
6.5 g of magnesium turnings in 200 mL of diethyl ether. The solution is stirred for 1 hr and worked up with aqueous
ammonium chloride. The organic layer is separated, dried over
magnesium sulfate, concentrated, and the oily residue is crystallized from
petroleum ether. The yield is
25.5 g (
67%) of crystals melting at
77–78°C. The crude oily residue may be used in the next step without purification.
2.
The product is characterized by IR (CCl
4) cm
−1: 2075;
1H NMR (CCl
4) δ: 1.72 and 2.40 (s, 14 H), 7.20 (s, 5 H).
3.
2-Adamantanone was obtained from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. Active
Raney nickel catalyst was obtained from W. R. Grace Company.
4.
The amount of
Raney nickel depends on its
hydrogen content. Usually
25–35 g is sufficient.
5.
A large vessel is required because of excessive frothing. The frothing may be controlled by adding a little cold
2-propanol, by removing the heating, or by stopping the stirrer.
6.
Caution! Dry catalyst is pyrophoric.7.
The free
2-phenyl-2-adamantanamine may be liberated from the salt by adding a solution of
ammonia or
sodium hydroxide, extracting with
toluene, concentrating, and distilling under reduced pressure; bp
120–122°C (0.15 mm);
nD17 1.5850;
1H NMR (CCl
4) δ: 1.30 (s, 2H, NH
2), 1.68 and 2.26 (br s, 14 H, adamantane protons), 7.1 (m, 5H, Ph).
8.
Similarly,
2-butyl-2-adamantanamine hydrochloride, mp
300–305°C, is obtained from
2-butyl-2-adamantanol3 in
30% yield.
3. Discussion
The present procedure is an example of preparation of tertiary phenylcarbinylamines, and is in many cases superior to methods based on the Ritter reaction,
4 and Hofmann
5 or Curtius degradation.
6 The availability of starting materials, fair yields of products, and the simplicity of operations (there is no need to isolate any intermediates or to use a hydrogenation apparatus) are the main advantages of this procedure. The azide synthesis is adapted from procedures described for the preparation of
1,1-diphenyl-2-azidoethane7 and
1-phenyl-1-azidocyclohexane.
8 The azides are quite stable and could be distilled under reduced pressure. The amines and their substitution products are physiologically active agents.
4,9A number of compounds have been prepared by this method (the isolation of hydrochloride can be omitted), as listed in Table I.
10
TABLE I
AMINES FROM TERTIARY ALCOHOLS
|
|
|
Azidea
|
Amine
|
|
Alcohol
|
Bp (°C) (mm Hg)
|
Bp (°C) (mm Hg)
|
Yield (%)
|
Starting Material
|
|
|
2-Phenyl-2-propyl
|
106 (22)
|
100 (22)
|
66
|
α-Methylstyrene
|
|
1-Phenylcyclo-pentyl
|
139–140 (38)
|
128–130 (20)
|
40
|
Cyclopentanone
|
|
1-Phenylcyclo-hexyl
|
|
115–120 (5)
|
38
|
Cyclohexanone
|
|
2-Methyl-1-phenyl-cyclohexyl
|
90–91 (0.25)
|
150–153 (23)
|
66
|
2-Methyl-1-phenyl-cyclohexanol
|
|
1-Phenylcyclo-heptyl
|
153–155 (23)
|
163–165 (25)
|
45
|
Cycloheptanone
|
|
2-Phenyl-2-norbornyl
|
150–155 (25)
|
163–165 (28)
|
51
|
2-Norbornanone
|
|
a The azides contain up to 15–20% of the corresponding phenylalkenes.
|
Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)
petroleum ether
amine
alcohol (64-17-5)
hydrochloric acid (7647-01-0)
ammonia (7664-41-7)
diethyl ether (60-29-7)
ammonium chloride (12125-02-9)
hydrogen (1333-74-0)
sodium hydroxide (1310-73-2)
chloroform (67-66-3)
magnesium turnings (7439-95-4)
Cyclohexanone (108-94-1)
nitrogen (7727-37-9)
Raney nickel (7440-02-0)
acetone (67-64-1)
toluene (108-88-3)
2-propanol (67-63-0)
bromobenzene (108-86-1)
Cyclopentanone (120-92-3)
Phenylmagnesium bromide (100-58-3)
sodium azide (26628-22-8)
magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9)
Cycloheptanone (502-42-1)
trifluoroacetic acid (76-05-1)
α-methylstyrene (98-83-9)
2-Norbornanone (497-38-1)
2-adamantanone (700-58-3)
2-Phenyl-2-adamantanamine hydrochloride,
Tricyclo[3.3.1.13,7]decan-2-amine, 2-phenyl, hydrochloride (73032-81-2)
2-phenyl-2-adamantanol (29480-18-0)
2-Azido-2-phenyladamantane (65218-96-4)
2-phenyl-2-adamantanamine
2-butyl-2-adamantanamine hydrochloride
2-butyl-2-adamantanol
1,1-diphenyl-2-azidoethane
1-phenyl-1-azidocyclohexane
2-Phenyl-2-propyl (16804-70-9)
1-Phenylcyclo-pentyl
1-Phenylcyclo-hexyl
2-Methyl-1-phenyl-cyclohexyl
2-Methyl-1-phenyl-cyclohexanol
1-Phenylcyclo-heptyl
2-Phenyl-2-norbornyl
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