Organic Syntheses Procedure

^
Top

Org. Synth. 1995, 72, 147

DOI: 10.15227/orgsyn.072.0147

HIGHLY REACTIVE CALCIUM FOR THE PREPARATION OF ORGANOCALCIUM REAGENTS: 1-ADAMANTYL CALCIUM HALIDES AND THEIR ADDITION TO KETONES: 1-(1-ADAMANTYL)CYCLOHEXANOL

[Cyclohexanol, 1-tricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]dec-1-yl]

Submitted by Reuben D. Rieke, Tse-Chong Wu, and Loretta I. Rieke¹.

Checked by Katsutaka Yasue and Hisashi Yamamoto.

1. Procedure

A. Active calcium. Freshly cut lithium (41.7 mg, 6.01 mmol) and biphenyl (1.020 g, 6.61 mmol) in freshly distilled tetrahydrofuran (THF, 15 mL) (Note 1) are vigorously stirred at room temperature under argon (Note 2) until the lithium is completely consumed (approx. 2 hr). The preformed lithium biphenylide is transferred via a cannula at room temperature to a well-dispersed suspension of calcium bromide (CaBr₂, 1.213 g, 6.07 mmol) (Note 3) in freshly distilled THF (15 mL). The reaction mixture is stirred for 1 hr at room temperature prior to use (Note 4).

B. 1-(1-Adamantyl)cyclohexanol. Activated calcium prepared from preformed lithium biphenylide and excess CaBr₂ in THF is cooled to −78°C (Note 5). 1-Bromoadamantane (543 mg, 2.52 mmol) (Note 6) in THF (10 mL) is added via a cannula at −78°C and the mixture is stirred at −78°C for 20 min (Note 7). Excess cyclohexanone (520 mg, 5.30 mmol) is added via a disposable syringe at −78°C. The resulting mixture is gradually warmed to −20°C and stirred at −20°C for 30 min. The reaction mixture is then quenched with water at −20°C (20 mL) and warmed to room temperature. At this temperature it is filtered through a small pad of Celite which is washed with diethyl ether (Et₂O, 100 mL). The aqueous layer is extracted with Et₂O (3 × 50 mL). The combined organic phases are washed with water (15 mL) and dried over anhydrous magnesium sulfate (MgSO₄). Removal of the solvent and flash-column chromatography on silica gel (150 g, 230–400 mesh, eluted sequentially with hexane/EtOAc [0% to 15%]) affords reasonably pure 1-(1-adamantyl)cyclohexanol as a white solid. 1-(1-Adamantyl)cyclohexanol is recrystallized from hexanes as follows: The white crystals are dissolved in a limited amount of dichloromethane (CH₂Cl₂), hexane (15 mL) is added, the solvent is evaporated to 8 mL, more hexane (15 mL) is added, the solvent is evaporated to about 15 mL, and the solution is gradually cooled and allowed to stand for 24 hr to afford 469–476 mg (80–82% yield) of product as colorless needles, mp 169–171°C (Note 8),(Note 9).

2. Notes

1. Lithium was weighed out and charged into reaction flasks under argon in a Vacuum Atmospheres Company dry box. (The checkers did not use a dry box: Lithium was freshly cut in air, rinsed in hexane, and charged into reaction flasks under argon.) Biphenyl was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. Tetrahydrofuran anhydrous, 99.9% purity, was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc. It was freshly distilled over Na/K alloy under argon before use.

2. All glassware, syringes, needles, and cannulas were kept in a 120°C oven overnight prior to use. All manipulations were carried out on a dual manifold vacuum/argon system. The Linde prepurified grade argon was further purified by passing it through a 150°C catalyst column (BASF R3-11), a phosphorus pentoxide column, and a column of granular potassium hydroxide. (The checkers used argon as received.)

3. Anhydrous calcium(II) bromide was purchased from Cerac, Inc. Commercially available reagents were used as received unless specially noted.

4. Good stirring is important for the preparation of highly reactive calcium. A Schlenk tube is better than a flask for the reactor. Excess calcium salt was present during the oxidative addition reaction with 1-bromoadamantane.

5. Low-temperature reactions were performed using a Neslab endocal ULT-80 refrigerated circulating bath or a dry ice/acetone bath.

6. 1-Bromoadamantane, 99%, was purchased from Aldrich Chemical Company, Inc.

7. The reaction was checked by GC; all the starting material was consumed.

8. Melting points were determined on a Thomas Hoover melting point apparatus or an Electrothermal melting point apparatus and are corrected.

IR spectra were taken on an Analect RFX-30 FTIR spectrophotometer neat between NaCl or KBr plates or as KBr disks. ¹H NMR spectra were recorded on a Nicolet NT-360 (360 MHz) or on a Varian VXR-200 (200 MHz) spectrometer. All chemical shifts are reported in parts per million (δ) downfield from internal tetramethylsilane. Fully decoupled ¹³C NMR spectra and DEPT experiments were recorded on a Varian VXR-200 (50 MHz) spectrometer. The center peak of CDCl₃ (77.0 ppm) was used as the internal reference.

9. The physical properties are as follows: IR (KBr) cm⁻¹: 3465, 2931, 2902, 2844, 1448, 1344, 980, 955, 935; ¹H NMR (200 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 0.95–2.05 (m, 26 H); ¹³C NMR (50 MHz, CDCl₃) δ: 21.9, 26.0, 28.7, 29.8, 35.8, 37.3, 39.1, 74.6; MS (EI) m/e (relative intensity) 234 (M⁺, 0.2), 135 (26.0), 98 (100.0); HRMS calcd for C₁₆H₂₆O m/e 234.1984, found m/e 234.1982. Anal. Calcd: C, 81.99; H, 11.18. Found: C, 82.13; H, 11.41.

Handling and Disposal of Hazardous Chemicals

The procedures in this article are intended for use only by persons with prior training in experimental organic chemistry. All hazardous materials should be handled using the standard procedures for work with chemicals described in references such as "Prudent Practices in the Laboratory" (The National Academies Press, Washington, D.C., 2011 www.nap.edu). All chemical waste should be disposed of in accordance with local regulations. For general guidelines for the management of chemical waste, see Chapter 8 of Prudent Practices.

These procedures must be conducted at one's own risk. Organic Syntheses, Inc., its Editors, and its Board of Directors do not warrant or guarantee the safety of individuals using these procedures and hereby disclaim any liability for any injuries or damages claimed to have resulted from or related in any way to the procedures herein.

3. Discussion

The development of organocalcium chemistry has been slow compared with the extensive studies of organometallic reagents of other light metals,² due in part to the lack of a facile method of preparing organocalcium compounds. Direct oxidative addition to calcium has been limited by the reduced reactivity of calcium metal with organic substrates, presumably because of surface poisoning. The organocalcium derivatives RCaX were formed most readily when X = I; the preparation of RCaX (X = Br, Cl) usually required activated calcium. Few examples have been reported and overall yields tend to be low.² Although simple primary and secondary alkyl iodides react with calcium in reasonable yields,³ ⁴ tertiary alkyliodocalcium compounds are very difficult to prepare and most workers have reported only trace amounts.⁵ ⁶ In contrast, the highly reactive calcium complexes reported here react readily with all these substrates to generate excellent yields of the corresponding organocalcium compounds.

Highly reactive calcium can be readily prepared by the reduction of calcium halides in tetrahydrofuran solution with preformed lithium biphenylide under an argon atmosphere at room temperature.⁷ This colored calcium species seems to be reasonably soluble in THF. However, the reactive calcium complex prepared from preformed lithium naphthalenide was insoluble in THF solution and precipitated out of solution to give a highly reactive black solid. The exact nature of this black calcium complex has not been determined. Acid hydrolysis of the black material releases naphthalene as well as THF. Accordingly, the most likely structure of the black material is a Ca-naphthalene-THF complex similar in nature to the soluble magnesium-anthracene complex recently reported.⁸ ⁹ ¹⁰ ¹¹

Highly reactive calcium was prepared by the lithium biphenylide reduction of calcium salts in THF. Both CaBr₂ and CaI₂ generate the reactive calcium species. The organocalcium compounds, prepared directly from this calcium complex and organic halides, were found to undergo Grignard-type reactions efficiently. Alkyl bromides and alkyl chlorides reacted rapidly with the calcium complex at temperatures as low as −78°C. 1-Chlorooctane gave 1-octylcyclohexanol in 83% yield.⁷ Similar results were noted for secondary halides. Bromocyclohexane reacted readily with the calcium species at −78°C and the resulting organocalcium reagent underwent carbonyl addition to give the alcohol in 75% yield. Significantly, the highly reactive calcium complex reacted rapidly with tertiary bromides at −78°C. For example, the Grignard-type reaction of 1-bromoadamantane with the reactive calcium afforded 1-(1-adamantyl)cyclohexanol in 80% yield. The direct reaction of 1-bromoadamantane with metals is known to yield mainly reductive cleavage or dimerization.¹² Accordingly, this method represents a significant new approach to the 1-metalloadamantane.

Reactions of aryl halides with the reactive calcium required slightly higher temperatures, up to −30°C for aryl bromides and up to −20°C for aryl chlorides.⁷ Surprisingly, the active calcium reacted readily with fluorobenzene at room temperature to form the corresponding organocalcium reagent in near quantitative yield.

Addition of copper(I) salts to the organocalcium reagents form novel organocalcium copper reagents that cross-couple with acid chlorides to yield ketones, and undergo conjugate addition to α,β-unsaturated ketones. The highly reactive calcium also reacts readily with 1,3-dienes to form bisorganocalcium complexes. Reaction of these calcium reagents with biselectrophiles generates a wide variety of complex cyclic hydrocarbons.⁷

References and Notes

Department of Chemistry, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, NE 68588-0304.
Lindsell, W. E. "Comprehensive Organometallic Chemistry"; Wilkinson, G., Ed.; Pergamon Press: Oxford, 1982; Vol. 1, Chapter 4, pp. 223–228.
Kawabata, N.; Matsumura, A.; Yamashita, S. Tetrahedron 1973, 29, 1069;
Kawabata, N.; Matsumura, A.; Yamashita, S. J. Org. Chem. 1973, 38, 4268.
Gowenlock, B. G.; Lindsell, W. E. J. Organomet. Chem. Libr. 1977, 3, 1–73;
Bogatskii, A. V.; Chumachenko, T. K.; Derkach-Kozhukhova, A. E.; Lyamtseva, L. N.; Suprinovich, E. S. Zh. Obshch. Khim. 1977, 47, 2297; Chem. Abstr. 1978, 88, 37865d.
Wu, T.-C.; Xiong, H.; Rieke, R. D. J. Org. Chem. 1990, 55, 5045.
Freeman, P. K.; Hutchinson, L. L. J. Org. Chem. 1983, 48, 879;
Raston, C. L.; Salem, G. J. J. Chem. Soc., Chem. Commun. 1984, 1702;
Harvey, S.; Junk, P. C.; Raston, C. L.; Salem, G. J. Org. Chem. 1988, 53, 3134;
Bogdanovic, B. Acc. Chem. Res. 1988, 21, 261.
Dubois, J. E.; Bauer, P.; Molle, G.; Daza, J. C.R. Hebd. Seances Acad. Sci., Ser. C 1977, 284, 145.

Appendix
Chemical Abstracts Nomenclature (Collective Index Number);
(Registry Number)

1-metalloadamantane

diethyl ether (60-29-7)

Cyclohexanone (108-94-1)

copper (7440-50-8)

calcium (7440-70-2)

Biphenyl (92-52-4)

Naphthalene (91-20-3)

bromocyclohexane (108-85-0)

dichloromethane (75-09-2)

lithium (7439-93-2)

magnesium sulfate (7487-88-9)

Fluorobenzene (462-06-6)

Tetrahydrofuran (109-99-9)

hexane (110-54-3)

argon (7440-37-1)

1-bromoadamantane (768-90-1)

tetramethylsilane (75-76-3)

1-ADAMANTYL CALCIUM

1-(1-Adamantyl)cyclohexanol,
Cyclohexanol, 1-tricyclo[3.3.1.1^3,7]dec-1-yl (84213-80-9)

Lithium biphenylide (34467-57-7)

calcium bromide,
calcium(II) bromide (7789-41-5)

lithium naphthalenide (7308-67-0)

1-Chlorooctane (111-85-3)

1-octylcyclohexanol

Notes

References/EndNotes

Article Compounds

Authors